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ÀÇÇÐ »ý¸®ÇÐÀÇ ÇÇÀڱؼºù¬í©Ð½àõ. The Book of Irritability,A Physiological Analysis of the General Effect of Stimuli in Living Substance. by Max Verworn
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Irritability. A Physiological Analysis of the General Effect of Stimuli in Living Substance.
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IRRITABILITY
A PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE GENERAL EFFECT OF STIMULI IN LIVING SUBSTANCE
BY MAX VERWORN, M.D., PH.D.
WITH DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON: HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
MCMXIII
COPYRIGHT, 1913 BY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
First Printed May, 1913
¸ñÂ÷ 2.
VI
Contents: Only processes of excitation are conducted, not processes of depression. Conduction of excitation in its two extreme instances. Conduction in undifferentiated pseudopod protoplasm of rhizopoda. Conduction of excitation with decrement of intensity and rapidity. Conduction of excitation in the nerve. Rapidity of conduction. Conduction of excitation without decrement. Relation between irritability and conductivity. Conduction of excitation with decrement of the nerve after artificial depression of irritability by narcosis. Theory of the decrementless conduction of the normal nerve. Proof of the validity of the ¡°all or none law¡± in the medullated nerve. Theory of the process of the conductivity of excitation. Theory of core model (Kernleiter). Electrochemical theory of conduction based on the properties of semi-permeable surfaces. 118
xi
VII
Contents: Conception of specific irritability. Alteration of specific irritability during and after excitation. Refractory period in various forms of living substance. Absolute and relative refractory period. Curve of irritability during refractory period. Dependence of the duration of the refractory period on the rapidity of the course of the metabolic processes in the living substan
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ÀÇÇÐ »ý¸®ÇÐÀÇ ÇÇÀڱؼºù¬í©Ð½àõ. The Book of Irritability,A Physiological Analysis of the General Effect of Stimuli in Living Substance. by Max Verworn
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IRRITABILITY
A PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE GENERAL EFFECT OF STIMULI IN LIVING SUBSTANCE
BY MAX VERWORN, M.D., PH.D.
WITH DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON: HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
MCMXIII
COPYRIGHT, 1913 BY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
First Printed May, 1913
¸ñÂ÷ 3.
VIII
Contents: Examples of effects of interference of stimuli in unicellular organisms. Interference of galvanic and thermic stimuli in Paramecia. Interference of galvanic and thermic stimuli and narcotics. Interference of galvanic and mechanical stimuli. Interference of galvanotaxis and thigmotaxis in Paramecia and hypotin infusoria. Real or homotop interference, apparent or heterotop interference. The two effects of homotop interference of excitations: Summation and inhibition of excitations. Theory of the processes of inhibition. Hering-Gaskell Theory. Inhibition as an expression of the refractory period. Individual possibilities of interference of two stimuli. Interference of an excitating and a depressing stimulus. Interference of two depressing stimuli. Interference of two excitating stimuli. Analysis of the interference of two excitations. Interference of two single stimuli. Conditions upon which the result of interference is dependent. Heterobole and isobole living systems. Intensity of the two stimuli. Interval between the stimuli. Specific irritability and rapidity of reaction of the living system. Latent period. Interference of single stimuli in a series. General scheme of the development of the effect of interference. Summation and inhibition. Apparent increase of irritability. Conditions of summation. Tonic excitations. Conditions of inhibitions. Various types of inhibition. Interference of two series of stimuli. Relations in the nervous system. Peculiarities of the nerv
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ÀÇÇÐ »ý¸®ÇÐÀÇ ÇÇÀڱؼºù¬í©Ð½àõ. The Book of Irritability,A Physiological Analysis of the General Effect of Stimuli in Living Substance. by Max Verworn
CONTENTS £¿
I
Contents: Introductory. Earliest period. Francis Glisson as founder of the doctrine of irritability. Albrecht von Haller. The vitalists. Bordeu and Barthez. John Brown¡¯s system. Johannes M£¿ller and the specific energy of living substance. Rudolf Virchow¡¯s doctrine of the irritability of the cell. Discovery of the inhibitory effects of stimulation. Weber, Schiff, Goltz, Setschenow, Sherrington. Claude Bernard studies on narcosis. Tropisms. Ehrenberg, Engelmann, Pfeffer, Strassburger, Stahl. Semon¡¯s speculations on mneme. 1
II
Contents: Principles of scientific knowledge and research. Origin and meaning of the conception of cause. Cause and condition. Criticism of the conception of cause. The conditional point of view. Conception of cause. The conditional point of view applied to the investigation of life. Conception of vital conditions. Definition of the conception of stimulation. 18
III
Contents: The quality of the stimulus. Positive and negative alterations of the factors which act as vital conditions. Extent of the alteration in vital conditions or intensity of the stimulus. Threshold stimuli, sub-threshold, submaximal, maximal and supermaximal intensities of stimulus. Relations between the intensity of stimulus and the amount of response. The Weber and Fechner law. All or none law. Time relations of the course of the stimulus. Form of individual stimulus. Absolute and relative rapidity in the course of the stimulus. Duration of the stimulus after reaching its highest point. Adaptation to persistent stimuli. Series of individual stimuli. Rhythmical stimuli. The Nernst law. 39
x
IV
Contents: Various examples of the effects of stimulation. Metabolism of rest and metabolism of stimulation. Metabolic equilibrium, Disturbances of equilibrium by stimuli. Quantitative and qualitative alterations of the metabolism of